This issue of KIU Journal of Humanities touches on Development Administration, Social Philosophy, Educational Management, Counselling Psychology and Entrepreneurship Studies.

The first part of the Journal focuses attention on Development Administration. Development Administration is about projects, programs, policies and ideas which are focused at development of a nation, with the point of view of socio-economic and socio-political development of society in general, carried out by talented and skilled bureaucrats. Papers in this section deal with issues in development administration such as Local Governance, Grassroot Democracy, Development Policies and so on. It was argued in one of the papers that philosophical education, that is, education that transcends formal, science and technology based education, is necessary for individual and national development. The researcher therefore, recommends that Africans imbibe the Socratic dictum and use it in the act of thinking about themselves and everything that surrounds them as well as in all efforts at developing both the individual and the state that would continue to yield positive results.

Articles in the second part of this edition center on Social Philosophy. Social philosophy is the study of questions about social behavior and interpretations of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations. It is a branch of philosophy which deals with social problems, especially those issues pertaining to social values. A sound social philosophy is the need of the day to tackle many a problem, which faces the society such as inequality, injustice, oppression and so on. Against this backdrop, section two looks at some social philosophies such as Aesthetics, dualism, Organisational Virtualisation, logical positivism, etc. and their effects on the society.

Section Three x-rays the importance of educational Management. Educational management is the administration of the education system in which a group combines human and material resources to supervise, plan, strategize, and implement structures to execute an education system. It is widely believed that management has four basic functions – planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Common sense dictates that without these principles of management being in place an organization would have trouble achieving its aims, or even coming up with aims in the first place. Based on the its findings, one the papers in this section suggests among others that that teachers should embrace teamwork behaviour, accept the challenges of working purposively, regularly and cooperatively in teams to help students learn meaningfully

Papers in the fourth section of this edition center on Counseling Psychology. This is borne out of the fact that Counseling Psychology can make a profound impact on the lives of individuals, families and communities. It helps people navigate difficult life situations, such as divorce, natural disasters and school stress. It provides the tools and insights to manage mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression. Ultimately, counseling psychology empowers people to lead healthy and fulfilling lives. While the first paper in this section argues that there is a yearning for counsellors in the informal and non-formal setting for education of different youth for national integration, the last revealed that the schools had no professional counselors, and that counseling services though provided were skeletal and not appropriate to the children’s social adjustment needs. It therefore recommends that government should make efforts to ameliorate the situation by ensuring that professional counselors are posted to special schools and are given an enabling environment to offer appropriate counseling services for the social adjustment of children with hearing impairment.

Papers in the last section of this edition deal with Agronomic practices and Entrepreneurial studies such as Honey Production and Performance of Maize in Rural Communities.  One of the papers calls for government intervention in area of training and extension services as a result of challenges to beekeeping in the study area such as inadequate knowledge of other bee products apart from honey, lack of access to modern beekeeping equipment, bush burning and other human interfering activities, the second

On the whole, this edition of KIU Journal of Humanities features many interesting, educative and informative articles which can contribute immensely to the existing knowledge on each topic.

This issue of KIU Journal of Humanities touches on Development Administration, Educational Psychology, Reading Skills and Creative Writing.

The first part of the Journal focuses attention on Development Administration. It is universally accepted that Development Administration is the administration of development programs, to the methods used by large-scale organisations, notably governments, to implement policies and plans designed to meet their developmental objectives. It is administering, organizing public agencies such as to stimulate, facilitate defined programs of social, economic progress with a purpose to make change attractive and possible. Papers in this section deal with issues in development administration such as Adult Literacy Programme, Rural development, Foreign Aid, Development Communication and so on. It was argued in one of the papers that prison inmate in the experimental group performed better in cake baking and event decoration than inmate in the control group. The researcher therefore, recommends that teachers should use more of Adult literacy program in the prison on cake making and event decoration should be encouraged which will help equip the inmates face the economic challenges of the society and be self-employed

Articles in the second part of this edition center on Educational Psychology. Educational Psychology studies various factors which have impacts upon students, which may include home environment, social groupings, peer groups, his / her emotional sentiments, and mental hygiene etc.  Various methods are used in order to get the desired data about the learner in order to know about him or her mentality and behavior and its manifestations. Against this backdrop, section two looks at how some psychological factors such as resilence, distress, leadership behavior, home violence, and so on, affect students’ performance in education.

Section Three x-rays the importance of reading skills. It is widely believed that reading skills are important to students’ success in schools as they will allow them to access the breadth of the curriculum and improve their communication and language skills. In addition, reading can be a fun and imaginative time for students, which opens doors to all kinds of new worlds for them. 

Based on the its findings, one the papers in this section suggests among others that Knowledge of the reading skills that pupils have mastered is important so that teachers in early childhood classrooms can target instruction for those particular skills that are still weak.

Papers in the last section of this edition center on Creative writing. This borne out of the fact that Creative Writing is not only a means to help students unleash their creative side and feel more comfortable when writing in and about everyday life, but has also been proven to improve language learning. While the first paper in this section argues that Pre-theoretic intuition quiz and Puzzle-based learning strategies improved students’ practices towards sustainable environmental development, the second posits that the inculcation of moral character and creative thinking in the younger one, most especially at the primary and secondary levels is the only way the Pulpils/students of both the Primary and Secondary may be useful for themselves and the society in which they meet themselves for national development

Above all, this edition of KIU Journal of Humanities features many thought provoking articles.

This issue of KIU Journal of Humanities touches on Media Studies, Language and Literary Studies, Educational Psychology, Educational Technology and Entrepreneurship Education.

The first part of the Journal focuses attention on Media Studies. It is universally accepted that media can be used to influence the audience, persuade and can be used in many aspects of everyday life and this is why it is important to study the media as a whole. Media as a subject helps us understand the world in many different ways which is critical to understanding how society and the way the world works. While the first paper in the section discusses the role of the media in anti-corruption war in Nigeria while the second paper explores the role of the media in ending Fulani herdsmen and farmers conflicts in Nigeria

Articles in the second part of this edition center on Language and Literary Studies. The study of literature allows people to develop new ideas and ethical standpoints, and can help individuals to present themselves as educated members of society. Today, Literature in second language classes has a very important linguistic input for students and it is a valuable source for learners’ motivation. Traditionally, the role of Literature was not taken into consideration in English Language Teaching programs due to the importance given only to functional language. Today, Literature in second language classes has a very important linguistic input for students and it is a valuable source for learners’ motivation. Usually, students who study only English Language emphasizing on reading and writing skills, sometimes fail to see the point of studying English literature, especially if they have no plans to study English or Translation at University. But English Literature can introduce students to a range of aspects, not only of the English Language but also of the English culture. Teachers are the basic pillars to reach students through literature trying to attract them to this field that can be interesting to everyone. Teachers should think about everything that they are going to do without falling in boredom and keep their students interested in the topic. Also we, as teachers, consider that we are the ones who must make students get closer to Literature so that they can realise that it is not as abstract as they think, trying to avoid their frustration. Also it is useful to have literary texts and their analysis easier made for students.

Educational Psychology studies various factors which have impacts upon students, which may include home environment, social groupings, peer groups, his / her emotional sentiments, and mental hygiene etc.  Various methods are used in order to get the desired data about the learner in order to know about him or her mentality and behavior and its manifestations. Against this backdrop, section three looks at how some factors such as drug abuse, early marriage, government policies and physical disability affect students’ performance in education.

Today, more than ever, the role of educational technology in teaching is of great importance because of the use of information and communication technologies. With the help of various applications for distance education, the Internet, teachers, and students themselves, they see the advantage of educational technology. This is why a few papers in this issue highlight ideas on how students can acquire teaching and learning skills through the use of modern technologies. Based on the its findings, one the papers in this section recommends among others that Curriculum planners should incorporate concept mapping in the curriculum and Teachers should be train and re-trained on how to effectively use the concept mapping method in the teaching of genetics and biology in general.

Entrepreneurship Education aids students from all socioeconomic backgrounds to think outside the box and nurture unconventional talents and skills. It creates opportunities, ensures social justice, instills confidence and stimulates the economy. This is why all the papers in the last section of this issue address different issues in Entrepreneuship Studies such as Value Added Tool for Food Production and Learning for Full Employment.

Above all, this edition of KIU Journal of Humanities features many thought provoking articles. We hope that these educative and informative articles will contribute immensely to the existing knowledge on each topic.

This issue of KIU Journal of Humanities touches on Human Rights, Religious Studies, Language and Literary Studies, Development Administration, Media / Language Studies, Entrepreneurship Studies, Educational Management and Educational Technology.

The first part of the Journal focuses attention on Development Administration. It is universally accepted that administration needs to constantly interact with environment in order to achieve development goals. Therefore Development Administration involves strengthening and improving administrative capabilities as a mean for achieving development goals. Administration of Development' having a key role in implementing the development programmes, projects and policies. It is against this backdrop that one of the papers in this part evaluates Girl Child Education and Sustainable National Development through Research and Innovation. It is suggested that through seminars and workshops at the grass- root, parents should be encouraged to send their daughters to school and inform them of the dangers of early marriages and the benefits that will accrue to the family and the nation as a whole when these girls are educated.

Articles in the second part of this edition center on Language and Media Studies. It is impossible for any nation of the world to attain any form of development when its people are not properly developed. This is because nations are built or developed through knowledge; and all forms of knowledge are transmitted through language. In other words, language mediates mental access to phenomena and, therefore, what we perceive is phenomena in the form in which language mediated our perception. The fact of the mediations of mental access to phenomena by language makes knowledge communicable. While language mediates between object and perception, literature is an embodiment of object, language and perception. The impact os some Community based radio stations and two Nigerian National Dalies are highlighted in the Section.

Entrepreneurship Education aids students from all socioeconomic backgrounds to think outside the box and nurture unconventional talents and skills. It creates opportunities, ensures social justice, instills confidence and stimulates the economy. This is why all the papers in part three address different issues in Entrepreneuship Studies such as Value Added Agricultural Output and Macroeconomics Dymics as well as Curriculum Development and Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Education for Self Reliance and National Development.

It has been discovered that Educational Management is both a field of academic study and a collective group of professionals that includes principals, teachers and other education professionals. It is through it that we learn about educational policies, motivation and retention strategies in our educational system.  One of the papers in the section that focuses on educational management revealed that income generated from tuition, income generated from Revenue Yielding Projects, Loan from Bank, and Income generated from Donation have significance relationship with Administrative Effectiveness. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that Private universities should tackle funding challenges by establishing more revenue yielding ventures instead of depending on the income generated from the tuition fees. 

Today, more than ever, the role of educational technology in teaching is of great importance because of the use of information and communication technologies. With the help of various applications for distance education, the Internet, teachers, and students themselves, they see the advantage of educational technology. This is why a few papers in this issue highlight ideas on how students can acquire teaching and learning skills through the use of modern technologies. Based on the its findings, one the papers in this section recommends among others that Curriculum planners should incorporate concept mapping in the curriculum and Teachers should be train and re-trained on how to effectively use the concept mapping method in the teaching of genetics and biology in general.

Above all, this edition of KIU Journal of Humanities features many thought provoking articles. We hope that these educative and informative articles will contribute immensely to the existing knowledge on each topic.

This issue of KIU Journal of Humanities touches on Human Rights, Religious Studies, Language and Literary Studies, Development Administration, Educational Psychology and Educational Technology.

The first part of the Journal focuses attention on Human Rights. It is universally accepted that education is considered as a precondition for a healthy democratic society. Therefore it is thus important that Human rights education should include peace, democracy, development and social justice, as set forth in international and regional human rights instruments, in order to achieve common understanding and awareness with a view to strengthening universal commitment to human rights. It is against this backdrop that one of the papers in this part evaluates the implementation of UNESCO Rights Based Early Childhood Education programme in selected Anglophones West African Countries.

Religious Education is an essential component of a broad and balanced education. It enables people to consider and respond to a range of important questions related to their own spiritual development, the development of values and attitudes and fundamental questions concerning the meaning and purpose of life. This is why all the papers in part three address different religious issues such as pastoral authority, sacrifices, sexuality and peaceful co-existence.

Articles in the third part of this edition center on Language and Literary Studies. It is impossible for any nation of the world to attain any form of development when its people are not properly developed. This is because nations are built or developed through knowledge; and all forms of knowledge are transmitted through language. In other words, language mediates mental access to phenomena and, therefore, what we perceive is phenomena in the form in which language mediated our perception. The fact of the mediations of mental access to phenomena by language makes knowledge communicable. While language mediates between object and perception, literature is an embodiment of object, language and perception. The works of some African writers were x-rayed in this section to show the uniqueness of African Literature.

It has been discovered that Educational Psychology studies various factors which have impacts upon students, which may include family background, social groupings, peer groups, his / her emotional sentiments, and mental hygiene etc.  One of the papers in the section that focuses on educational psychology revealed that Secondary school teachers with more years of teaching experience produce students with high academic performance than their counterpart who have less experience in teaching. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that qualified and experienced teachers should be employed in the teaching profession and they should be provided with more incentives and better promotional prospects.

Educational Technology has absolutely revolutionized the entire education system. Until recently, the teachers used to be the sole interpreter of knowledge to the learners and the textbooks the sole resource. Educational technology has affected the conventional roles and it has opened up the new areas of teacher functions such as management of resources and management of learning. Today, teachers have a range of media to assist and supplement the instructional work. Teachers can even specify the learning intentions, select the topic, identify the stimulus situation, determine media, manage teaching and finally conduct evaluation and modify the instructions in the light of evaluation results. Educational process cannot proceed systematically without the help of educational technology. Every aspect of educational system is fully enlightened with educational technology. This is why a few papers in this issue highlight ideas on how students can acquire teaching and learning skills through the use of modern technologies. Based on the their findings, the papers in this section recommend among others that science and technology education should be given greater emphasis in real life situation in the Nigerian socio-economic milieu.

Above all, this edition of KIU Journal of Humanities features educative and informative articles. We hope that these thought provoking articles will contribute immensely to the existing knowledge on each topic.

This issue of KIU Journal of Humanities touches on Language and Literary Studies, Development Studies, Religious Studies, Educational Psychology, Social Psychology, Educational Technology, Entrepreneurship Studies and Legal Studies.

The first part of the Journal focuses attention on Language and Literary Studies. It is impossible for any nation of the world to attain any form of development when its people are not properly developed. This is because nations are built or developed through knowledge; and all forms of knowledge are transmitted through language. In other words, language mediates mental access to phenomena and, therefore, what we perceive is phenomena in the form in which language mediated our perception. The fact of the mediations of mental access to phenomena by language makes knowledge communicable. While language mediates between object and perception, literature is an embodiment of object, language and perception. It is against this backdrop that one of the papers in this part established that there is a wide gap between teaching and research and the development of African languages and suggests research and teaching strategies that may help in redressing it.

In part two, the importance of Development Studies is emphasized. It was established that poverty level is still high among the respondents despite the high experience of the respondents in their various occupations. This may be caused due to their low level of education. Therefore, it was recommended that government policies should improve the level of education among household to increase profitability and productivity.

Religious Education is an essential component of a broad and balanced education. It enables people to consider and respond to a range of important questions related to their own spiritual development, the development of values and attitudes and fundamental questions concerning the meaning and purpose of life. This is why all the papers in part three address different religious issues such as pastoral authority, sacrifices, sexuality and peaceful co-existence.

It has been observed that the administration of justice, in all countries and at all times is a subject broad and difficult, both in its operation and its influence. It is perhaps more indicative, a truer test, of the real temper and spirit, both of the government and the people of the state or country, than any other thing. This is why the papers in part three of this edition examine the role of the judiciary as the guardian or protector and the fundamental human rights of the citizens.

It has been discovered that Educational Psychology studies various factors which have impacts upon students, which may include family background, social groupings, peer groups, his / her emotional sentiments, and mental hygiene etc.  One of the papers in the section that focuses on educational psychology revealed that there was no significant difference in the influence of family background on the academic performance of Senior Secondary School Students as expressed by Teachers in Ilorin Metropolis on the basis of gender and teachers’ qualification. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that parents should provide for the basic needs of their children in order to help them show positive interest in study, school authorities should create an enabling environment for the students by providing required educational needs in order to make academic stimulating to them, teachers should interact with parents of the students to discuss the importance of providing adequate care they need for their total growth and development, and school counsellors should encourage the parents to relate and create interest in their children studies so that they can improve on their academic performance.

Educational Technology has absolutely revolutionized the entire education system. Until recently, the teachers used to be the sole interpreter of knowledge to the learners and the textbooks the sole resource. Educational technology has affected the conventional roles and it has opened up the new areas of teacher functions such as management of resources and management of learning. Today, teachers have a range of media to assist and supplement the instructional work. Teachers can even specify the learning intentions, select the topic, identify the stimulus situation, determine media, manage teaching and finally conduct evaluation and modify the instructions in the light of evaluation results. Educational process cannot proceed systematically without the help of educational technology. Every aspect of educational system is fully enlightened with educational technology. This is why a few papers in this issue highlight ideas on how students can acquire teaching and learning skills through the use of modern technologies. Based on the their findings, the papers in this section recommend among others that science and technology education should be given greater emphasis in real life situation in the Nigerian socio-economic milieu.

Above all, this edition of KIU Journal of Humanities features educative and informative articles. We hope that these thought provoking articles will contribute immensely to the existing knowledge on each topic.

This issue of KIU Journal of Humanities touches on Development Administration, Civic and Political Education, Educational Administration, Judicial Administration, Social Psychology, Educational Psychology, Educational Administration, Educational Technology and Media Studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Sustainable Development, Fund Management, Political Economy and Foreign Direct Investments’ Framework. It is argued in one of the papers that if the quality of Almajirai and Nomadic Education Programmes is to be enhanced, then there is need for a serious commitment on the part of the government to coordinate all aspects of this education. Formal and informal stakeholders need to be involved at every stage to ensure successful value education. Government alone must not be left to the running of these model schools, all the stakeholders must be involved so as to see the end of violence in our society and equal quality education for all for sustainable all – round development in Nigeria.

In part two, the importance of Civil and Political Education is emphasized. It is suggested that Civic education should be-a prime concern. There is no more important task than the development of an informed, effective, and responsible citizenry. This is because it is widely believed that democracies are sustained by citizens who have the requisite knowledge, skills, and dispositions. Absent a reasoned commitment on the part of its citizens to the fundamental values and principles of democracy, a free and open society cannot succeed. It is imperative therefore, that educators, policymakers, and members of civil society make the case and ask for the support of civic education from all segments of society and from the widest range of institutions and governments.

It has been observed that the administration of justice, in all countries and at all times is a subject broad and difficult, both in its operation and its influence. It is perhaps more indicative, a truer test, of the real temper and spirit, both of the government and the people of the state or country, than any other thing. This is why the papers in part three of this edition examine the role of the judiciary as the guardian or protector and the fundamental human rights of the citizens.

It has been discovered that Educational Psychology studies various factors which have impacts upon students, which may include home environment, social groupings, peer groups, his / her emotional sentiments, and mental hygiene etc.  Various methods are used in order to get the desired data about the learner in order to know about him or her mentality and behavior and its manifestations. Teacher is like a philosopher who guides his student. He is responsible to be aware about growth and development of the students. It is educational psychology which enables the teacher to use various techniques. This is the argument of one the papers in the sections that focus on social psychology, educational psychology and educational administration.

A few papers in this issue highlight ideas on how students can acquire teaching and learning skills through the use of modern technologies. Based on the their findings, the papers in this section recommend among others that teachers should teach using video based instruction so as to encourage individualized learning. Also, the construction of ‘Integrated Classrooms’ that can house almost all teaching activities under one big roof is recommended.

On the whole, this edition of KIU Journal of Humanities features many thought provoking articles. Some of these articles are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

Professor Oyetola O. Oniwide

College of Humanities and Social Sciences,

Kampala International University,

P.O. Box 20000,

Kampala, Uganda.

 editor.humanities@kiu.ac.ug

 March, 2018.

The relation between psychology and education is very intimate. Psychology has been defined as the science of behaviour. It seeks to understand and explain behaviour in terms of mental and bodily activities. Its chief problem is how and why we behave, how we think, know, feel and act and why we think, know, feel and act in the way in which we do. It tries to understand the conditions from which acts of behaviour arise and to arrive at general principles which govern behaviour so as to interpret, control and predict it. Education, as we have seen above, is an attempt to mould and shape behaviour. It tries to help young people to grow and develop along certain lines, to acquire knowledge and skill and to learn certain ways of thought and feeling so that they may be absorbed in adult social life. The science of psychology must be basic to such an attempt, for any influence on behaviour, to be effective, must be planned and worked according to the principles of psychology.

Education, therefore, must be based on psychology and from the very first step which he takes to educate the child, the educator must depend upon psychological knowledge. Education deals with young people and the conditions that promote or retard growth and development; it selects and strengthens those influences which promote healthy growth and tries to eliminate and weaken those which retard it. As a result of this study it formulates certain principles on which organization and administration in schools should be based; it has to study the needs and interests of children and provide for their healthy satisfaction and expression; it has to devise effective methods of teaching so that children may learn more quickly and better.

It is against these backdrops that this issue of KIU Journal of Humanities focuses attention on various aspects of Psychology and Education such as social psychology, counseling psychology and educational psychology, educational administration, educational technology as well as teaching and learning skills.

This issue of KIU Journal of Humanities touches on development administration, political education, communication and media studies, business and entrepreneurship studies, gender studies as well as legal studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Aternative Revenue Generation, Women Participation in Community Development, Rural Development, and the Role of the Universal Basic Education Programme in Sustainable Development in Nigeria. It is argued in one of the papers that top bottom approach, political deprivation, lack of enlightenment and awareness campaign and lack of proper educational empowerment constitute the major challenges of community participation in rural development. It is therefore recommended that, the local government should improve in the enlightenment and awareness campaign which can serve as a way of motivating communities to participate in rural development.

In part two, the importance of political education in democratic governance of a country is emphasized. Findings of some of the studies show that people watch television programmes occasionally and the programmes influence their voting opinion. Thus, it is suggested that television stations in most African countries should produce more political programmes to increase political awareness and also broadcast these programme on the internet for wider outreach. This corroborates the fact that in today's world, media becomes as essential as our daily needs. Media of today is playing an outstanding role in creating and shaping of public opinion and strengthening of society. Media is the sword arm of democracy. It is against this backdrop that the papers in Part three emphasize the role of Mass Communication in the society. Based on its findings and others not mentioned here, one of the papers in the section argues that, since positive attitude toward sanitation practices depended on regular radio enlightenment campaigns, frequent campaigns by the media are highly needed.

It must also be mentioned that in the search for an economic development agenda/program that empowers people, entrepreneurial education is very important in order to achieve a sustainable development. Against this backdrop, the papers in part four amplify that central tenet. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications are discussed in the papers. In particular, the results recommended that entrepreneurship skills acquired through the mandatory entrepreneurship education programme for undergraduate students of tertiary institutions in Nigeria are an important consideration in helping self-employed graduates to enhance their career performance.

In the Section on Gender Studies, it is recommended that civil society, NGOs and CBOs should advocate for the need to create income generating activities for women in the sub-country. This is because the involvement of civil society, public consultation, and polling can have different outcomes on income generating activities which can help to promote socio-economic status of the women. 

It has been observed that the administration of justice, in all countries and at all times is a subject broad and difficult, both in its operation and its influence. It is perhaps more indicative, a truer test, of the real temper and spirit, both of the government and the people of the state or country, than any other thing. This is why the papers in the last part of this edition focus on Legal Education.

On the whole, this edition of KIU Journal of Humanities features many thought provoking articles. Some of these articles are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This issue of KIU Journal of Humanities touches on development administration, educational administration, judicial administration entrepreneurship studies, human rights and gender studies, peace and conflict studies, extra-curricular activities as well as teaching and learning skills.
The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Infrastructural Development, Fund Management, Taxation and Foreign Investments‘ Framework. It is argued in one of the papers that social infrastructure development is capable of sustaining both social and economic growth and improved quality and living conditions of the society. Social infrastructures remain the core element of social welfare. Thus efforts to raise social or public welfare must necessarily go beyond the traditional and limited approved of raising per capita income through agricultural development projects to the provision of social basic needs in term of health and medical facilities, potable water and education. Governments are therefore advised to create a secure and enabling environment, free from corruption and undue interference, for the social infrastructures to thrive and contribute positively towards improving the welfare of the citizens.
In part two, the importance of school development planning and job ethics in the educational sector are emphasized. It is suggested that workshops and seminars should be re-introduced to the teachers on the areas of teachers‘ specializations and pedagogy in order to improve on the current effectiveness of the teachers. This would go a long way for the teachers to be more effective. It is also recommended that public and private universities should design and circulate code of conduct as well work ethics policy to cover senior and junior staff so as to enhance productivity among their staff.
It has been observed that the administration of justice, in all countries and at all times is a subject broad and difficult, both in its operation and its influence. It is perhaps more indicative, a truer test, of the real temper and spirit, both of the government and the people of the state or country, than any other thing. This is why the papers in part three of this edition examine the role of the judiciary as the guardian or protector and the fundamental human rights of the citizens.
It must also be mentioned that in the search for an economic development agenda/program that empowers people, entrepreneurial education is very important in order to achieve a sustainable development. Against this backdrop, the papers in part four amplify that central tenet. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications are discussed in the papers. In particular, the results recommended that entrepreneurship skills acquired through the mandatory entrepreneurship education programme for undergraduate students of tertiary institutions in Nigeria are an important consideration in helping self-employed graduates to enhance their career performance.
KIU Journal of Humanities
In the Section on Peace and Conflict Studies, it is recommended that true federalism and genuine war against poverty and unemployment as well as massive infrastructural development as components of war for peace. In addition, government should embark on early monitoring of conflicts, probe the remote causes and be fair and just in transforming conflicts. This is drawn from the conclusion that the war for peace is insurmountable given that the right institutional and attitudinal framework is judiciously put in place and executed.
It has been discovered that extra-curricular activities have the efficacy of creating positive social behavior, and given the finding that the pupils who highly participated in extra-curricular activities highly felt the confidence to perform well academically, and those who participated less in extra-curricular activities felt that they would not perform well academically, there is need for the two groups of pupils, the higher and lower participants in extra-curricular activities both to develop a feeling and confidence that they can perform very well academically, and hence work hard to achieve it. This is the argument of one the papers in the sections that focus on extra-curricular and social psychology.
A few papers in this issue highlight ideas on how students can acquire teaching and learning skills. Based on the their findings, the papers in this section recommend among others that teachers should teach using video based instruction so as to encourage individualized learning. Also, the construction of ‗Integrated Classrooms‘ that can house almost all teaching activities under one big roof is recommended.
On the whole, this edition of KIU Journal of Humanities features many thought provoking articles. Some of these articles are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This issue of KIU Journal of Humanities deals with organizational development, development administration, entrepreneurial studies, social psychology, education management, human rights and literary analysis.
In Organizational Development, Oluka unravels the challenges of little support from the Government that was suspicious of VTRDO as a collaborator with the rebels that carried out insurgency in Uganda. He concludes by complementing the great job done by VTRDO, particularly the courage, endurance and sacrifice which were made by the organization. Using a purely qualitative approach, Imbuki also demonstrates that the influence of the media in conflict management can not be underestimated. He recommends that content that whatever is published or aired on media should be properly considered in terms of content and packaging in order to avoid instigating conflicts.
In the Second Part which is devoted to Development Administration, Garba and Ongodia portray a positive relationship between social infrastructure and rural community development in Katsina state, Northern Nigeria. They suggest that more awareness should be made to rural populace on the provision of social infrastructure like health facilities, and increase in funding by the government and nongovernmental in the provision of social infrastructures at rural level. Ikegbu argues that bureaucratization is only an ideal model, which does not exist in reality. And for reform agenda to achieve the desired objectives, all stakeholders should be involved in their formulation and implementation. Yakubu also presents the way forward for economic and social aspects of sustainable development in Nigeria, maintaining that the major concern of every government should be how to cater for the needs of its large population and the imperative proper integration of its domestic economy into the world economy in the face of increasing globalization. Osezua finally examines public policies and programmes and national development in Nigeria, suggesting that policies to establish, grow and protect strategic sectors of the economy in job creation should be established.
In part three, Adeyemi argues that entrepreneurship development is crucial to the creation of the required manpower and skills necessary for the acceleration of growth in the Nigerian economy and reduction of unemployment, poverty and over-dependency on the oil sector and the quest for ―paid employment‖.
Ahmed also reports his findings on Youth Entrepreneurship and Poverty Reduction in Tudun Wada Local Government Area of Kano State and recommends the need for the government of Nigeria to keep supporting the youth by providing them with grants, loans, entrepreneurial education and training which will enhance their capacity to self-sustenance and eventual poverty reduction in their households. Investigating the common challenges faced by the local farmers in accessing agricultural credit from commercial banks in Bichi local government, Aliyu reveals that access to agricultural credit has often not being easy given the lack of collateral among farmers, high interest rate, complex bank system and late approval among others. He therefore recommends that in order to get maximum output, polices of commercial banks should be flexible and rate of interest should be less for small farmers than large farmers because small farmers hardly acknowledge their basic need. With the use of cross sectional research design, Sani, Danja and Kibuuka establish that there was a positive relationship between planning skills and career performance.They recommend that entrepreneurship skills acquired through the mandatory entrepreneurship education programme for undergraduate students of tertiary institutions in Nigeria are an important consideration in helping self-employed graduates to enhance their career performance. Bukki also establishes that there was no significant difference in level of the Entrepreneurial Cultures‘ indices of Nigerian Youths in Ogun state-owned Universities and that there were positive relationship between entrepreneurial attribute and entrepreneurial value; entrepreneurial attribute and entrepreneurial mindsets; entrepreneurial attribute and entrepreneurial behaviour; entrepreneurial value and entrepreneurial mindsets; entrepreneurial value and entrepreneurial behaviour while there was no relationship entrepreneurial mindsets and entrepreneurial behaviour. Based on these findings, he recommends that Governments, NGOs and international bodies should assist Nigerian universities to improving undergraduates‘ chances of developing a strong entrepreneurship spirit.
In the Section on Social Psychology, Onifade, Adigun and others establish that eagerness to be pleased and accepted by one‘s friend, struggling to cope with day to day activities could result to drug abuse. They therefore adivse undergraduates to be watchful of the friend they want to make so as to be free from falling prey of drug abuse. Ibraheem and Asagba also recommend among others that government, corporate organizations and philanthropists should assist in the provision of leisure activities and programmes that will bring about good health and fitness of community members.
Under Educational Management, Akinsolu examines the influence of role conflict on academic staffs‘ effectiveness in selected tertiary institutions in Nigeria with particular reference to Osun state and recommends that academic staffs should face less stress and be made more effective in the discharge of their roles most especially in community services and production of high quality publishable academic papers. Adeyemi also proves that there was significant influence of principals‘ participative management style and conflict resolution skills on teachers‘ job commitment in public secondary schools in Ijebu division of Ogun State and suggests that the Ministry of Education should organize extensive in-service development programme and/or encourage the principals to go for short courses in educational management with specific emphasis on leadership skills and styles and conflict management in schools. Olori and Igbosanu finally discuss the the use of computer-based multimedia presentation on Senior Secondary School Students‘ Achievement in Agricultural Science. They conclude that competent ICT teachers, adherence to the application of appropriate instructional technologies to capture and sustain students‘ interest, creation of good learning environment with adequate improvised instructional materials in all secondary schools will enhance achievement and good success in vocational subjects.
In Human Rights, Olatoke evaluate the relationship between the World Trade Organization and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights with a view to determining whether the World Trade Organization has deliberately or inadvertently violated same in the discharge of its functions. Ayinla, Abdulrasaq and Ajakaye analyzed the ACJ Act 2015 in other to point out the salient innovations in the Act, with particularly reference to the inclusion of plea bargain as an ADR Mechanism and the need for a continuous reform. Analysing both international and Nigeria legal frameworks on foetal protection, Ayinla, Ayodele and Ahmad recommend that the foetus rights should only overweigh the pregnant woman‘s rights after balancing both the rights of such foetus and pregnant woman‘s rights as any unfavourable tilt in favour of the foetus against the mother may drive away pregnant women with the greatest need of help.
Through Literary Analysis, Ngwoke examines Amadi‘s drama, and tries to ascertain the extent to which his art in that genre depicts the same aloofness to the malaise of the post-independence African continent as his novels do. Awhefeada also analyzes his poetry collection In My Hermitage depicting it as a significant and poignant statement on contemporary social malaise.
On the whole, articles in this edition of KIU Journal of Humanities are both strongly theoretical and applied. They provide solutions to some of the problems confronting communities, societies, economies, and the environment. The authors‘ teachings and areas of research must certainly influence their perspectives on the diagnoses of the matters they have addressed. The methodologies used in the articles are useful to academics and policy makers. Thank you for reading the articles.

This issue of KIU Journal of Humanities touches on organizational development, development administration, diplomatic relations, clinical child psychology, philosophy and education, legal studies and literary analysis.
In Organizational Development, Oluka analyzes the prepotency of needs and reward valence of employees in the Uganda’s Ministry of Local Governments. He advises the government to set up policies and guidelines to identify and meet the needs of employees; find ways of rewarding employees by enhancing their salaries,
allowances and other motivational strategies. Looking at the effect of the Reward Management System (RMS) and Cost of Living (COL) on the Performance of academic staff in the selected private universities in Uganda, Emuron advises management of private universities to always adopt reward policies that are responsive to changes in their workers’ cost of living. Abubakar highlights some of the major challenges of managing newspaper organizations in Nigeria and concludes that Journalism training has to be reoriented to accommodate more training in economics, the arts and the economy in general.
In the Second Part which is devoted to Development Administration, Assair and Oketch examine the relationship between youth empowerment and reduction of unemployment in Gardo, Puntland, Somalia. They suggest that the State should join hands with non-governmental organizations to put in place programs that target the youth. Wandiba also examines the level service delivery in the divisions of Kampala District, Uganda and recommends that leaders of divisions of Kampala district should close the gaps between the high to very high scores of service delivery by monitoring the teachers, local council workers, and health workers that provide the services and a two way research tool of those who get the services and
those that provide the services to be used for representative responses. Sota, finally, examine the role of local authority leaders in traffic accident prevention in rural areas of Northeastern Thailand and suggests that it is very important to have capacity building for traffic accident prevention in local authority leaders in rural areas for increasing concern and good behavior for traffic accident prevention and create activities in the communities for decreasing number of traffic accident.
In part three, Majok and Oketch report their findings on the effect of Security Threats on Diplomatic Relations between South Sudan and Sudan and recommend that sustainable security promotion between South Sudan and Sudan should be a comprehensive and coherent approach against security threats to diplomacy which should be implemented by both countries. Ikegbu also examines China’s development aid assistance to Africa and concludes that although China provides aid to Africa simply because China wants resources, China’s contribution towards the achievement of development in Africa is quite significant and cannot be undermined.
In the Section on Clinical Child Psychology, Imbuki establishes that most of the children with Hearing Impairment came from Low social economic status Societies and that an Hearing Impaired child was at a higher risk of HIV infection due to poor communication skills, abuse from the hearing communities and little
information about HIV. Based on these findings, he suggests that there is need to use a different language of communication for the children with Hearing Impairment about HIV. Nafiu and Okello also examine how maternal age at first birth, maternal age, previous birth interval, maternal education, maternal
occupation, paternal occupation, latrine use and source of drinking water affect under-five mortality prevalence in Abim District, Uganda. They recommend that campaign against early marriage and teenage pregnancy be explicitly done, mothers be encouraged to exclusively breastfeed for at least 2 years, mothers be sensitized about the advantages of family planning, personal hygiene and good sanitation be
continuously practiced if under-five mortality in the Abim District is to be controlled.
Under Philosophy and Education, Adeleye examines naturalism and its tenets on education. He discusses positions of prominent the exponents of this school of thought in order to bring out its implications for education. Ogunlade and Ariko establish that there is no significant relationship between age difference and management of students’ discipline and that students’ average level of perception are significantly different from teachers’ perception on the use of ICT in relation to the management of students’ discipline. They, therefore, recommend that tutors should combine their knowledge of education and training with their experience as parents in applying rules and regulations towards management of discipline among
students. Sapele and Ekereke finally discuss the contributions of education to politics as medium for grass root participation. They conclude that for effective participation in politics especially the grass root, education has to be given its rightful place as proper funding from federal, state and local governments should be made a priority to make the sector produce the desired results which will stimulate political participation.
In Legal Studies, Sanni explores the meaning of the right to health and emphasizes its relationship with medical liability which lead to cause of action in negligence or criminal liability. Looking at the issue of court’s jurisdiction as a threshold issue, Ariyoosu recommends transferring cases to the appropriate court rather than striking out for want of jurisdiction for the proper and effective administration of
justice. Relying on observation derived from documentary sources such as case laws, charters, treatise, journals, books and field observation, Tarabinah establishes that the Alien Torts Claims Act provides compensatory and punitive awards for damages against violations of international law and that a non U.S. resident can successful assert a claim against a tort feasor under the Alien Torts Claims Act in a U.S. Court. He suggests that foreign government of the home state of transnational corporations should ensure that people whose fundamental human rights are violated by the operations of oil transnational corporations domiciled in their territory should have unhindered access to effective remedy through the legal
system. Ariyoosu and Ayinla also discusse the imperative of the relevance of Mini-Trial and other ADR processes that are yet to be explored in Nigeria but which are functional, in viewof the yawning towards ensuring a practical application of ADR in the Nigerian telecommunications industry.
Through Literary Analysis, Udi explores how Africans struggled against the colonization in Kenya and how the people of Niger Delta in Nigeria currently respond to economic and political woes of the colonialism imported into the Postcolonial era. Oboli also examines the attempts of African novelists to explicate the effect of the absence of mothers in a family and especially in the lives of children. Finally, Alonge and Akinyede reveal that explicit phonics instructional strategy has an effect on pupil’s literacy skills. They therefore, recommend that effective use of explicit phonics instructional strategy should be adopted in teaching and learning of literacy skills.
On the whole, articles in this maiden edition of KIU Journal of Humanities are both strongly theoretical and applied. They provide solutions to some of the problems confronting communities, societies, economies, and the environment. The authors’ teachings and areas of research must certainly influence their perspectives on the diagnoses of the matters they have addressed. The methodologies used in the articles are useful to academics and policy makers.

Thank you for reading the articles.